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ar as received basis | ad air dried basis | d dry basis
Specific Energy Conversions
For conversions between units
1 btu/lb = 0.002326 mj/kg
1 kcal/kg 0.0041868 mj/kg
1 metric ton (tonne) 1.10231 short tons
From GAR to NAR
The difference between net and gross as received (NAR v/s GAR) specific energy values is the latent heat of the water vapour which lowers the effective calorific value in the boiler. To convert from GAR to NAR for bituminous coals subtract approximately
1.09 mj/kg
260 kcal/kg
470 btu/lb
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Coal Basics
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Select a term from the list
=coal that includes TOTAL MOISTURE, ASH, VOLATILE MATTER, and FIXED CARBON
Audibert-Arnu dilatometer
A caking test most commonly used in Europe which measures the expanding and contracting characteristics of coal. Finely crushed coal is compressed into a pencil, which is heated slowly and as the coal passes through its plastic range, initially gets shorter (contracts) and then gets longer (expands). Measurement taken are the maximum contraction and maximum dilatation (expansion) both expressed as a percentage of the initial pencil length, such that the maximum contraction is always positive, and the maximum dilatation is positive when the pencil increases in length from its initial length, and negative when the pencil decreases in length. Temperatures of initial softening (first indication of the pencil contraction), maximum contraction and maximum dilatation are also recorded. Results from this test are very sensitive to oxidation of the coal being tested. The Ruhr dilatometer is similar to the Audibert-Arnu dilatometer, the major difference being in the compaction of the coal pencil. Ruhr dilatometers show less contraction and more dilatation than Audibert-Arnu dilatometers.
